Journal of Geoeconomics
type: channel
description: The Journal of Geoeconomics is dedicated to the analysis of the use of economic means for power-political purposes. The Journal publishes both original research and policy-oriented insights. The aim of the Journal of Geoeconomics is to provide a timely outlet for empirical findings and insights regarding the increasing use of economic instruments for purposes of security, influence, coercion, and strategic competition. While the Journal's central focus is on understanding and documenting the behaviour of states, contributions analysing the responses and strategies of non-state actors, notably corporations, are also welcome. The Journal welcomes a wide range of disciplinary and methodological approaches, from econometric analyses to qualitative case studies. Uniquely, the Journal aims to be a pioneer in developing new types of publications aimed at generating value for both academic and policy communities of interest. To that end, the Journal also publishes short-form Case Studies, Data Insights, Exercises & Simulations, and Foresight Analyses. The Journal also publishes long-form Policy Reports. This category is aimed at facilitating the transformation of long-form research reports (e.g. as produced in the context of research projects) into peer-reviewed publications. The Journal of Geoeconomics is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by Geoeconomics Press, an independent Canadian publisher that supports the generation and dissemination of research and analysis in geoeconomics. The views expressed are those of the authors. ISSN 3111-2684
publisher: Geoeconomics Press
language: en
publication name: Journal of Geoeconomics
issn: 3111-2684
copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. It may be used, shared, distributed, and reproduced in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The license deed is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
items: Publisher's Note
items: Countering China’s Economic Coercion: Lessons from Japan
items: Towards an Economic Security Alliance: The Architecture of Collective Resilience in the Age of Geoeconomics
items: Beyond the Radar: Economic Coercion, Narrative Warfare, and the China–South Korea THAAD Dispute
items: Coercion Without Concession: Australia’s Response to China’s Trade Coercion, 2020–2024
items: China’s Anti-Dumping Investigation on Pork Imports From Europe: A Calibrated Retaliation
items: How to Withstand China’s Economic Coercion: The Case of China’s Economic Pressure Campaign Against Australia, 2020–2024
items: Economic Coercion as Foreign Policy Signalling: China’s Punitive Measures Against France, 2008–2009
items: When Drones Become Targets: China’s Economic Coercion Against Skydio
items: Pressure and Preparation: Japan’s Response to Chinese Rare Earth Coercion and Lessons for U.S. Policymakers
items: China’s Economic Retaliation Against Norway After Liu Xiaobo’s 2010 Nobel Peace Prize
items: Trade Sanctions with no Trade: China’s Weaponization of Value Chains Against Lithuania
items: Fit for War by 2030? European Rearmament Efforts Vis-à-Vis Russia
items: Asset Restrictions on Springboarding amid China–US Geoeconomic Competition
items: The Evolving Beijing Consensus: Chinese Communist Party Political Control and Economic Trade-offs
items: Is Russia Getting Paid for its Exports? New Evidence on the Impact of Economic Sanctions
items: Between Sanctions and Subsidies: Geoeconomic Lessons from the Semiconductor Ecosystem

Publisher's Note
type: item
description: This Publisher’s Note introduces the Journal of Geoeconomics and situates its launch within the growing need for rigorous, peer-reviewed scholarship on the strategic use of economic power. It sets out the Journal’s mission to advance open access research and analysis in geoeconomics, reflects on the development of the Journal and its inaugural volume, and underscores the importance of building scholarly infrastructure for an empirical and cumulative field of knowledge. It concludes by acknowledging the editors, authors, reviewers, advisers, colleagues, institutions, and wider community whose support, engagement, and encouragement have informed the Journal’s development and inaugural volume.
subject: Front Matter
  topic: section
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: economic statecraft
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic competition
  topic: keywords
subject: economic security
  topic: keywords
subject: economic interdependence
  topic: keywords
subject: weaponized interdependence
  topic: keywords
subject: economic warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: supply chains
  topic: keywords
subject: resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: scholarly publishing
  topic: keywords
subject: peer review
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subject: open access
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subject: Journal of Geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Publisher's Note
  topic: keywords
creator: D. Matthew Millar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 D. Matthew Millar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2681033
ending page: e2681033
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.81033

Countering China’s Economic Coercion: Lessons from Japan
type: item
description: Over the past two decades, China has shown a growing willingness and capacity to use its formidable economic clout to coerce countries toward its geopolitical aims. Beijing’s coercive approach today is evolving—from mainly leveraging its large market and targeting smaller nations to deploying its export power against large economies—changes that demand a reevaluation and refinement of countermeasures to deter China’s coercion. This paper explores Japan’s response to China’s 2010 rare earth elements (REE) export restrictions as an empirical case of the efficacy of deterrence by denial, and derives lessons and recommendations for U.S. policymakers.
subject: Original Research Articles & Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: rare earth elements
  topic: keywords
subject: deterrence by denial
  topic: keywords
subject: supply chain resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: industrial policy
  topic: keywords
subject: national security
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Japan
  topic: keywords
subject: United States
  topic: keywords
creator: Matthew Goodman
creator: Andrew Huang
creator: Madeline Burns
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew P. Goodman, Andrew Huang, Madeline Burns https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2658216
ending page: e2658216
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.58216

Towards an Economic Security Alliance: The Architecture of Collective Resilience in the Age of Geoeconomics
type: item
description: Liberal democracies face mounting geoeconomic threats and economic coercion, yet no structured common framework exists to address them. This Policy Proposal calls for a pragmatic Economic Security Alliance (ESA) between like-minded countries to enhance collective resilience and manage interdependence strategically. Rather than a rigid treaty-based model, the ESA would coordinate pragmatically across priority policy areas such as export controls, investment screening, critical raw materials, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies, under a rotating secretariat. The proposal advocates a phased Track 1.5 approach, led by trusted experts, to develop a blueprint for later adoption. The resulting ESA would safeguard economic openness and liberal democracy and deter those seeking to undermine them.
subject: Policy Proposals
  topic: section
subject: Economic security
  topic: keywords
subject: economic statecraft
  topic: keywords
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic interdependence
  topic: keywords
subject: liberal democracies
  topic: keywords
subject: economic security alliance
  topic: keywords
subject: export controls
  topic: keywords
subject: investment screening
  topic: keywords
creator: Fabian Zuleeg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fabian Zuleeg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2674529
ending page: e2674529
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.74529

Beyond the Radar: Economic Coercion, Narrative Warfare, and the China–South Korea THAAD Dispute
type: item
description: In 2016, South Korea’s decision to deploy the U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system prompted a coordinated campaign of informal economic coercion by China. Although Beijing denied any official retaliation, regulators shuttered Lotte retail stores, state-backed media amplified consumer boycotts, and the China National Tourism Administration quietly ordered a halt to group tours to South Korea. This case study reconstructs the timeline of coercive actions using primary sources including tourism data, corporate disclosures, and government statements. It assesses China’s use of informal tools—regulatory harassment, cultural sanctions, and market-based pressure—to signal displeasure while maintaining plausible deniability. The paper also considers South Korea’s countermeasures and policy responses, including WTO consultations and the “Three No’s” policy. While China inflicted tangible economic costs, especially in the tourism and retail sectors, it ultimately failed to reverse the THAAD deployment. The case illustrates both the capabilities and limitations of informal geoeconomic coercion in regional security disputes. JEL Classification: F51, F52, F59, H56
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: informal sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: narrative warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: ballistic missile defense
  topic: keywords
subject: THAAD
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: South Korea
  topic: keywords
subject: United States
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonathan Walberg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan Walberg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2629063
ending page: e2629063
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.29063

Coercion Without Concession: Australia’s Response to China’s Trade Coercion, 2020–2024
type: item
description: In April 2020, Australia’s public call for an independent investigation into COVID-19’s origins prompted Beijing to launch its most comprehensive campaign of economic coercion against a developed economy in recent years. Through a mix of formal trade remedies and informal import restrictions, China targeted key Australian exports—barley, wine, coal, seafood, timber—while avoiding iron ore. Drawing on WTO filings, trade statistics, and official statements, this case study reconstructs the sequence, logic, and outcomes of the coercion, highlighting sectoral economic damage, political resilience, and implications for allied strategies against state-led trade coercion. JEL Classification: F13, F51, F52, Q17, O24
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: trade restrictions
  topic: keywords
subject: export diversification
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: WTO dispute settlement
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19 inquiry
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Australia
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonathan Walberg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan Walberg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2608435
ending page: e2608435
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.08435

China’s Anti-Dumping Investigation on Pork Imports From Europe: A Calibrated Retaliation
type: item
description: This case study explores China’s ongoing retaliation against the EU through an anti-dumping investigation of EU pork, after the EU conducted an anti-subsidy investigation into Chinese-produced electric vehicles (EVs). China’s pork probe aimed to sway key EU Council votes on EV tariffs, targeting Spain as the largest pork exporter—especially of offal, which is difficult to export elsewhere. Furthermore, China considered Spain particularly vulnerable to its influence because of its ambition to receive investment from China into green technology sectors, including EV and battery factories. We find this case instructive, as a continuation of China’s policy to pit the economic interests of EU Member States against one another, with negative consequences for the EU’s overall leverage. A policy recommendation to be drawn from this case study is for the EU to build internal protection against Member States playing against EU-level interests in trade and investment.
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: Economic statecraft
  topic: keywords
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: trade retaliation
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-dumping
  topic: keywords
subject: trade defense instruments
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
creator: Alicia García-Herrero
creator: Théo Storella
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alicia García-Herrero, Théo Storella https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2683714
ending page: e2683714
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.83714

How to Withstand China’s Economic Coercion: The Case of China’s Economic Pressure Campaign Against Australia, 2020–2024
type: item
description: From 2020 to 2022, China imposed restrictions on Australian imports after Canberra’s inquiry into the origins of COVID-19 and a ban on Huawei’s 5G network. Canberra was able to resist the pressure campaign by rerouting exports to new markets. However, as a compromise, Australia suspended its barley and wine cases against China in the WTO. Using publicly available sources, this case study examines trade restrictions China imposed on Australia in 2020–2022 as well as their gradual easing in 2023–2024, analyzes Beijing’s motivations and objectives, and explains lessons learned for other smaller economies with high trade dependence on China.
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: Economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: trade restrictions
  topic: keywords
subject: market diversification
  topic: keywords
subject: economic statecraft
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Australia
  topic: keywords
creator: Maia Nikoladze
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maia Nikoladze (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2691408
ending page: e2691408
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.91408

Economic Coercion as Foreign Policy Signalling: China’s Punitive Measures Against France, 2008–2009
type: item
description: This case study examines China’s use of informal economic coercion against France during the 2008 Tibet crisis. Drawing on official Chinese statements, trade data, and bilateral agreements, the case study traces events from March 2008 to late 2009 and highlights Beijing’s efforts to enforce political red lines while presenting its actions as a defensive response. Measures included suspending diplomatic engagements, consumer boycotts targeting French companies, and stalled commercial deals. Framed in terms of national sovereignty, these measures illustrate how China leverages trade, market access, and nationalist sentiment to punish target states and deter similar actions by others.
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: Economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: economic statecraft
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics,
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer boycotts
  topic: keywords
subject: diplomatic retaliation
  topic: keywords
subject: Tibet
  topic: keywords
subject: Dalai Lama
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: France
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Papageorgiou
creator: Panagiotis Palaios
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Papageorgiou, Panagiotis Palaios (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2673926
ending page: e2673926
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.73926

When Drones Become Targets: China’s Economic Coercion Against Skydio
type: item
description: In October 2024, China designated Skydio and its CEO under the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law (AFSL) in retaliation for U.S. approval of defense assistance to Taiwan. Although Skydio manufactures dual-use drones, it denied providing technology to Taiwan’s Defense Ministry, claiming it was targeted because it had raised national security concerns about U.S. purchases of Chinese-made drones. Skydio’s exposure to PRC supply chains made it particularly vulnerable. Following sanctions, Skydio’s valuation fell sharply, it was forced to raise additional funds, and it began a new publicity campaign highlighting new defense-related contracts. Despite U.S. government support for domestic battery manufacturing, Chinese measures continue to affect Skydio’s access to battery technology and pending PRC measures could impact other U.S. drone manufacturers’ production. Sanctions on Skydio suggest PRC officials are now willing to use new legal tools to both send signals and impose costs when strategic industries are involved. JEL Classification: F13, F51, F52, L52, O33
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: export controls
  topic: keywords
subject: drones
  topic: keywords
subject: supply-chain resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Skydio
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: United States
  topic: keywords
subject: Taiwan
  topic: keywords
creator: Jim Mullinax
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jim Mullinax (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2637684
ending page: e2637684
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.37684

Pressure and Preparation: Japan’s Response to Chinese Rare Earth Coercion and Lessons for U.S. Policymakers
type: item
description: U.S. policymakers face enduring dependencies on Chinese critical mineral supplies, with vulnerabilities exacerbated by Beijing's control over global processing and its willingness to weaponize its leverage for political goals. To support U.S. policymakers as they confront Chinese export controls on rare earth elements (REEs), this case study examines lessons from the 2010 Senkaku Islands dispute when China halted REE exports to Japan and the United States. The conventional narrative of the dispute fundamentally mischaracterizes both Chinese actions and Japanese responses, focusing on Japan's immediate crisis responses. However, closer examination reveals that Japanese policymakers and industry worked for years to reduce vulnerability to Chinese supply manipulation, offering lessons about the importance of sustained supply chain investments, industry-led resilience, and strategic partnerships. Finally, this case study also conveys new insights about the Chinese coercive strategy. JEL Classification: F13, F51, F52, L52, Q34
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: Rare earth elements
  topic: keywords
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: critical minerals
  topic: keywords
subject: supply chain resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: export controls
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Japan
  topic: keywords
subject: Senkaku Islands
  topic: keywords
creator: Taylore Roth
creator: John VerWey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Taylore Roth, John VerWey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2615072
ending page: e2615072
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.15072

China’s Economic Retaliation Against Norway After Liu Xiaobo’s 2010 Nobel Peace Prize
type: item
description: This case study analyzes China's geoeconomic retaliation against Norway after the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Liu Xiaobo. China employed non-tariff barriers, diplomatic freezes, and restricted exchanges, severely impacting sectors like salmon exports. This occurred despite the Nobel Committee's independence from the Norwegian government. Although Norway's overall economic impact was mitigated by market adjustments, the six-year diplomatic freeze significantly influenced its human rights foreign policy. This case exemplifies China's strategic use of informal economic tools to punish and deter, showcasing the link between political sensitivities and economic leverage in international relations. JEL Classification: F51, F13, F14, F50
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: informal sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: diplomatic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: salmon trade
  topic: keywords
subject: market diversification
  topic: keywords
subject: non-tariff barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Norway
  topic: keywords
subject: Liu Xiaobo
  topic: keywords
creator: Ian Murphy
creator: Shaomin Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ian Murphy, Dr. Shaomin Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2609641
ending page: e2609641
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.09641

Trade Sanctions with no Trade: China’s Weaponization of Value Chains Against Lithuania
type: item
description: In late 2021 Lithuania came under trade sanctions from China in a crescendo of tensions that culminated with allegations of a violation of China’s One China Principle. As the bilateral relationship is very small, China blocked all trade – direct and indirect – originating from Lithuania, weaponizing inbound value chains. In the aftermath, Lithuania’s direct exports to China dropped by nearly 70%, and indirect exports – embedded in third countries’ shipments and more difficult to control – by over 10%. Analysis of selected benchmarks suggests that the drop is unrelated to broader economic trends. Despite their economic impact, China’s sanctions have so far failed to change Lithuania’s course. This episode represents a significant escalation in the logic of weaponized interdependence and a demonstration of China’s evolving capacity to exploit it. JEL classification: F13, F14, F51, F52, C67
subject: Cases and Insights
  topic: section
subject: Economic coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: trade sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: value-chain weaponization
  topic: keywords
subject: weaponized interdependence
  topic: keywords
subject: indirect exports
  topic: keywords
subject: global value chains
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuania
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Taiwan
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
creator: Michele Savini Zangrandi
creator: Michele Mancini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Michele Savini Zangrandi, Michele Mancini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: e2660527
ending page: e2660527
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.60527

Fit for War by 2030? European Rearmament Efforts Vis-à-Vis Russia
type: item
description: This research article presents new data on military procurement in Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), Poland, and France, and uses these data to analyse procurement patterns, delivery timelines, and force-generation constraints against the background of a deteriorating security situation and rising Russian capabilities. We show that procurement has substantially increased since 2022 with Germany and Poland focusing on land forces, while the UK’s spending is focused on maritime forces. However, we show that procurement needs to accelerate and be frontloaded to be prepared for a possible Russian attack assessed to occur as early as 2030, as delivery delays of three years or more persist. Military strategy and technology are evolving rapidly, particularly with the growing role of unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and multi-domain integration. Military planners must modernise weapons and strategy while simultaneously scaling existing and effective systems. We show that sustained investment in European technology is essential for modernisation. European weapons tend to be expensive due to low production volumes in a fragmented market, and a focus on cost-effectiveness is vital to ensure the EU’s planned €800 billion defence spending is sufficient and fiscally sustainable.
subject: Original Research Articles & Reviews
  topic: section
subject: European rearmament
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: defence industrial base
  topic: keywords
subject: military procurement
  topic: keywords
subject: military readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: deterrence
  topic: keywords
subject: defence economics
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Europe
  topic: keywords
subject: Germany
  topic: keywords
subject: United Kingdom
  topic: keywords
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: France
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexandr Burilkov
creator: Katelyn Bushnell
creator: Juan Mejino-López
creator: Thomas Morgan
creator: Guntram Wolff
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alexandr Burilkov, Katelyn Bushnell, Juan Mejino-López, Thomas Morgan, Guntram Wolff (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2663891
ending page: e2663891
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.63891

Asset Restrictions on Springboarding amid China–US Geoeconomic Competition
type: item
description: The catch-up strategy of springboarding has been widely adopted by emerging market firms seeking to internationalize. Successful springboarding requires access to sophisticated assets, often only available in more developed economies. The recent growth of geoeconomic measures, particularly between the United States and China, is impeding this process. As the two economies have moved from economic complementarity to hegemonic competition, restrictions on access to resources have increased in both number and scope. We examine the impact of growing restrictions and alternative means to access desired technologies. Market restrictions on scarce assets encourage strategies of domestically-focused and supported path-creation when building capabilities for successful internationalization. JEL Classification: F23, F51, F52, O33, O34
subject: Original Research Articles & Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Springboarding
  topic: keywords
subject: emerging market firms
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomic restrictions
  topic: keywords
subject: asset-seeking
  topic: keywords
subject: path creation
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: technology competition
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: United States
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Enderwick
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Peter Enderwick (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: e2694762
ending page: e2694762
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.94762

The Evolving Beijing Consensus: Chinese Communist Party Political Control and Economic Trade-offs
type: item
description: China’s rapid economic rise and unique development trajectory have long been the subject of scholarly debate, often framed through the concept of the “Beijing Consensus” as an alternative to the Washington Consensus. While initial conceptualizations highlight innovation, sustainability, and national sovereignty, later analyses highlighted elements like state capitalism and authoritarianism, particularly in the wake of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. This paper argues that the Beijing Consensus is undergoing a significant evolution under Chairman Xi Jinping, increasingly prioritizing the Chinese Communist Party’s political security, regime stability, and ideological control at the expense of economic growth. This marks a notable departure from earlier pragmatic, growth-oriented policies. To substantiate these claims, the article examines three case studies: China’s economic response to the 2008 Financial Crisis, the implementation of the Zero-COVID policy (2020–2022), and the regulatory crackdown on the technology sector from 2020 onward. By analyzing the trade-offs between political imperatives and economic optimization in these instances, the paper demonstrates a consistent pattern in which political control takes precedence. These findings reorient the understanding of the Beijing Consensus and underscore the central role of the CCP’s drive for political control in shaping China’s development model, carrying significant implications for its future economic trajectory and global engagement. JEL Classification: H12, O25, O53, P16, P51
subject: Original Research Articles & Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Beijing Consensus
  topic: keywords
subject: China model
  topic: keywords
subject: Chinese Communist Party
  topic: keywords
subject: political control
  topic: keywords
subject: regime stability
  topic: keywords
subject: state capitalism
  topic: keywords
subject: economic governance
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: technology regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Zero-COVID
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
creator: Ian Murphy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ian Murphy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: e2661748
ending page: e2661748
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.61748

Is Russia Getting Paid for its Exports? New Evidence on the Impact of Economic Sanctions
type: item
description: Since the beginning of the conflict, Russia has accumulated an unprecedented amount of trade credits against the rest of the world. We argue that this is linked to the effect of economic sanctions, as restriction to payment networks limit Russia’s exporters ability to receive foreign exchange payments for their exports. This previously undocumented effect of sanctions may help explain (within the context of other sanctions and economic developments) the recent bouts of volatility in the ruble exchange rate. JEL Classification: F31, F32, F34, F51
subject: Original Research Articles & Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Economic Sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: financial sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: trade credits
  topic: keywords
subject: international payments
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign exchange liquidity
  topic: keywords
subject: balance of payments
  topic: keywords
subject: ruble volatility
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Russia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukraine
  topic: keywords
creator: Michele Savini Zangrandi
creator: Emidio Cocozza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Emidio Cocozza, Michele Savini Zangrandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: e2672486
ending page: e2672486
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.72486

Between Sanctions and Subsidies: Geoeconomic Lessons from the Semiconductor Ecosystem
type: item
description: Semiconductors have become the quintessential strategic industry of the twenty-first century, sitting at the crossroads of economic competitiveness and national security. In recent years, major powers have deployed a mix of coercive and supportive measures that are transforming the sector’s geography. On one side, export controls and investment screening seek to deny adversaries access to critical technologies; on the other, industrial policies aim to secure supplies and sustain technological leadership. This paper maps these concurrent policies across leading economies and interprets them through a geoeconomic lens – as instruments designed to shift the global distribution of capabilities. By linking denial and inducement strategies within a unified analytical framework, it highlights how the semiconductor race exemplifies the broader tension between economic interdependence and national security in the global order.
subject: Original Research Articles & Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Semiconductors
  topic: keywords
subject: export controls
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subject: investment screening
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subject: industrial policy
  topic: keywords
subject: economic statecraft
  topic: keywords
subject: supply-chain security
  topic: keywords
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Semiconductors
  topic: subjects
subject: chips
  topic: subjects
subject: geoeconomics
  topic: subjects
subject: economic security
  topic: subjects
subject: export controls
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subject: industrial policy
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subject: National security
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subject: us-china technological rivalry
  topic: subjects
subject: Semiconductors and economic security
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subject: export controls in semiconductors
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subject: weaponization of interdependencies
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subject: F13
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subject: f52
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subject: l52
  topic: subjects
subject: p16
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subject: O38
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subject: International economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: industrial organization
  topic: disciplines
subject: political economy
  topic: disciplines
subject: geopolitica and geoeconomics
  topic: disciplines
subject: security studies
  topic: disciplines
subject: trade law and export controls
  topic: disciplines
subject: science and technology policy
  topic: disciplines
creator: Michele Savini Zangrandi
creator: Lilia Patrignani
creator: Alessandro Schiavone
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Michele Savini Zangrandi, Lilia Patrignani, Alessandro Schiavone https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: e2642815
ending page: e2642815
doi: 10.65963/jgeoecon.2026.42815