Vol. 1 (2026)

Original Research Articles & Reviews

Countering China’s Economic Coercion: Lessons from Japan

Published 2026-05-19

  • Matthew P. Goodman
    • ,
  • Andrew Huang
    • ,
  • Madeline Burns

Matthew P. Goodman
Council on Foreign Relations (United States)

Andrew Huang
Council on Foreign Relations, Harvard Law School (United States)

Madeline Burns
Council on Foreign Relations, Georgetown University (United States)

Journal of Geoeconomics Cover

Abstract

Over the past two decades, China has shown a growing willingness and capacity to use its formidable economic clout to coerce countries toward its geopolitical aims. Beijing’s coercive approach today is evolving—from mainly leveraging its large market and targeting smaller nations to deploying its export power against large economies—changes that demand a reevaluation and refinement of countermeasures to deter China’s coercion. This paper explores Japan’s response to China’s 2010 rare earth elements (REE) export restrictions as an empirical case of the efficacy of deterrence by denial, and derives lessons and recommendations for U.S. policymakers.

Keywords

Economic coercion, geoeconomics, rare earth elements, deterrence by denial, supply chain resilience, industrial policy, national security, China, Japan, United States

READ THE ARTICLE (PDF)

Author Biography

Matthew P. Goodman

Matthew P. Goodman was a Senior Fellow and director of the Greenberg Center for
Geoeconomic Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). 

Andrew Huang

Andrew Huang was a Research Associate at the Council on Foreign Relations and attends Harvard Law School.

Madeline Burns

Madeline Burns was a Geoeconomics Intern at the Council on Foreign Relations and was a student of Georgetown University.

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